Category: Uncategorized

I live in North Carolina, where you have three options for voting:

• “Early Voting” – several sites around the county that are open for ~10 days before Election Day.
• Mail-in absentee – you request that a ballot be mailed to you, you fill it in by hand, and mail it in.
• Election Day – you show up at the precinct in your neighborhood and cast your vote on the day of the election.

I wanted to see what the breakdown is between those three voting methods, and how that has changed over time, so I looked at the data for the last four presidential elections*.

Early voting is popular, and becoming even more popular — 74.2% of voters used early voting in the 2024 election.

Note, of course, that 2020 is an outlier — more voters used mail-in absentee voting to avoid human contact during the COVID-19 pandemic.

I also wanted to see if there was a difference between the two major parties, whether voters of one party were more likely to use one voting method or another. It turns out that there is a difference, but it’s small, and shrinking over time. (Sorry for the wall of numbers — I tried putting this one into a chart, too, but the difference are so small that it’s hard to read.)

Here’s what I read from this one — in the past, there was a clear difference in voting methods, with Early Voting being more popular among Democratic voters, and Election Day Voting being more popular among Republican voters, but those numbers weren’t terribly big, and they have shrunk considerably. To the point where Early Voting was within 1%, and Election Day voting was down to a 4% difference.

* Presidential Elections to get consistency — turnout varies a lot depending on which races are on the ballot — Presidential Elections get the highest turnout, and municipal elections are the lowest. Not only the total turnout, but the breakdown between the voting methods changes a lot. Sticking with one election type gets more consistent numbers that are easier to learn from.
** “GOP Voters” here is a shorthand meaning “ballots cast for the GOP candidate for president” — it doesn’t correlate to the voter’s party registration, or their votes in other races on the ballot.

Because 10 > 0

I’ve heard people recommend Inbox Zero as a way of managing your email – that you try to get and/or keep zero messages in your inbox.  I’ve tried it, but I’ve always struggled, because there always seem to be a couple of emails that I’m not ready to file or delete just yet.

So I’ve come up with a solution that has been working pretty well for me for over two years – once a week, I get my email inbox down to ten or less.

Is this a joke?

No, it’s not a joke – it’s a reimagining of the goal.  The point of Inbox Zero isn’t actually to get to zero emails, it’s to keep your inbox manageable.  Ten is just as manageable as zero, and so much easier to achieve.

What Stays?

For me, if I have a shipping notice for something that hasn’t arrived yet, I may keep that around as a reminder to look for a package.  If I have an email I need to respond to, that might stick around.  If I have an email with information that I’m going to need in a couple of days, I’ll leave that in the inbox until then.

Why does this help?

This helps because it’s more doable.  If I have 50 emails, there are probably 35 that are easy to process or file, 10 that take a few minutes but are doable, and 5 that are going to take some serious work, or are blocked.  If I can get through the 35 easy emails and 10 mediums, then I’m done.  I’ve winnowed my inbox back down to a manageable amount without having to get rid of emails that I actually want to keep around.

If it’s easy, you’re more likely to stick with it.

Give it a try

If you’ve tried Inbox Zero but never been able to make it stick, try getting to Inbox Ten this week. 

I have the opportunity to present an expanded version of my talk about reverse engineering Android apps on the device, at this year’s Droidcon UK.

The video is available on the SkillsMatter website.

Links:

• The StackOverflow answer about resource ID assignments.
• A gist with my code for resource enumeration.
• Smali / baksmali
• dex-member-list

You can also see the slides & video from a shorter version of this talk at Droidcon NYC 2019.

Typically in Android development you know your resource identifiers (e.g. R.string.hello_world). But if you ever wanted to list out the available resources by enumerating the valid IDs (without trying every Int), here’s the code I came up with for it:

At this year’s Droidcon NYC, I had the chance to talk about some oddball techniques for reverse engineering Android apps from another app on a device.

In this talk, @jebstuart will give you a better understanding of what is and is not protected by the #Android Application #Sandbox, and which parts of your #app are freely available for reverse-engineering. #DCNYC19 Full abstract: https://t.co/8L8r0gX0Rt pic.twitter.com/itcAaceUun

— droidconNYC 2019 (@droidconNYC) August 17, 2019

Thanks to everyone who came out, and the slides are available now.

With the recently released version 5.1, Gradle has added a great, subtle new feature that lets you specify which dependencies should be pulled from which repositories.  To explain what this is, let’s start with the default behavior. In your Gradle file, you probably have multiple repositories defined, like this:

When Gradle needs to find a dependency, it will search each of those repositories, in the order they are declared.  So when it goes to download, for example, [com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.1.3], it will first check the Google repo, which has that artifact, so it’s done.  But then let’s say you want RxJava: [io.reactivex.rxjava2:rxjava:2.1.9]. Gradle checks for it in the Google repo, but Google responds with a HTTP 404 error, so Gradle moves on to the next repository, which is JCenter.  And on and on, for each dependency in your build.

This can lead to a couple of problems:

• There’s a performance problem.  Since you have to check each repository in order for each dependency, there are a lot of requests that return a 404, and you waste time and resources.  Wouldn’t it be nice if we could tell Gradle “oh, I know RxJava is on JCenter, so don’t bother checking the Google repository”?
• If a repository that’s first in the list gives a bad response (like the time JCenter responded to Google artifacts with an HTTP 409 error). Gradle will give up, and not check other repositories.  This will break your build, and leads to a lot of advice like “make sure you list the Google repository first!”
• You’re vulnerable to a spoofing attack.  If you have a dependency that’s in your last repository (fabric in the example above), but a malicious actor uploads a library with the same group and artifact names to JCenter, for example, Gradle will download the JAR from JCenter since it’s higher in the list, and you’ll never know the difference.  JCenter doesn’t do much to verify that you are who you say you are, so this type of attack is a real risk.

So how do we resolve this?  Gradle 5.1 adds a new API so you can specify which groups to include or exclude in a repository.  A quick note about what I mean by groups: it’s the bit before the first colon in a Gradle coordinate.

So in practice, your build.gradle might now look something like this – note that you can match groups exactly or with a regular expression:

Now, when Gradle goes to download constraint layout, it will match the regex on the google repo, and Gradle will never attempt to download it from another repository.  Likewise, even though the Google maven repository is listed first, Gradle won’t attempt to download RxJava from it, because it’s not listed in the include groups.

If you want to test this, try running a Gradle task with “–refresh-dependencies”, which will force Gradle to try to download all of your dependencies again.  If you get an error like this one then you know you still need to work on your configuration.

> Could not resolve all files for configuration ':app:debugCompileClasspath'.
   > Could not find io.reactivex.rxjava2:rxjava:2.2.2.

The important thing to know about includes and excludes is that the behavior is defined per repository.

• If you list an include – Gradle will only try to download the included groups for this repository.
• If you list an exclude – Gradle will try any groups except the excluded groups for this repository.
• If you list includes and excludes – Gradle will download only groups that are included and not excluded.

There’s one non-obvious thing that I want to really emphasize, though:  If you specify includeGroups on repo but don’t specify any groups on a second repo, like the screenshot below, Gradle will still try to download com.google artifacts from both of these repositories.  The options you declare for one repository don’t affect other repositories.

This leads to my last, but perhaps most important piece of advice: whitelist every group.  The best way I can see to use this is to include every group in the appropriate repository, and make sure every listed repository has an includeGroup declared.  This will force Gradle to download each dependency from the right repository only.

“Lockdown Mode” is a new feature in Android P — it disables fingerprint login, forcing you to enter your PIN/passcode to unlock the device.  This is an important, but subtle, distinction. Ultimately, what’s the difference between your passcode and your fingerprint?

The difference comes down to legal precedents in the US.  Legally, the police can compel you to unlock a device using biometrics (e.g. face or fingerprint).  They can’t, however, force you to unlock the device using your passcode. This is due to the Fifth Amendment to the US constitution — you can’t be compelled to testify against yourself.  Courts have said that revealing your passcode is equivalent to providing testimony against yourself — but using your body to unlock the phone isn’t legally the same thing. I’m not going to try to explain the underlying legal theories in depth, but if you want to read more, check out these articles:

• Wired – Why Cops can Force You to Unlock Your Phone with your Face
• Cult of Mac – Cops can force you to use Touch ID, but not your passcode

There are a lot more details and complications that I’m glossing over, but if you were curious about why Android bothered to create a new mode that forced one type of login while disabling another — I think this is why they did it.

Disclaimer: I’m not a lawyer and this isn’t legal advice — if police action is in your threat model, you need to talk to a real lawyer.

Putting this out there in case somebody has the same problem.  I upgraded my Jenkins box to OS X Mavericks, and Jenkins stopped responding; requests to localhost:8080 simply dropped.

After a bit of digging and dead ends, I found out that java wasn’t installed.  Running

javac -version

from the command line failed, and asked me to install Java.  I installed the lastest JDK, restarted jenkins with these commands:

sudo launchctl unload -w /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.jenkins-ci.plist
sudo launchctl load -w /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.jenkins-ci.plist

and everything seems to be back to normal.

Just a quick note for Tehda for iPad users.

The recent launch of Neux TeuxDeux has distrupted Tehda’s ability to sync with the server. I am aware of this problem, and I’m working on a solution. I will be updating the app to restore compatibility.